| Urban public water supplies are generally treated to satisfiy the requirements for potable use. However, potable use represents only a small friction of the total domastic and industrial use of treated potable water, the remaining fraction may not require water of potable quality. This paper will identify the requirements for non-potable water quality criteria and examine oppertunities for substituting reclaimed water. Specific water use categories where re-use potential exist include; urban, industrial, agricultural, recreational, habitat restoration and groundwater re-charge. Current methods of wastewater treatment for re-use will be discussed for both urban and industrial wastewater treatment plants. In particular, reference will be made to nutrient removal, membrane systems and reed bed technology. Examples of wastewater re-use systems will be given in order to highlight the methods refered to. |
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